2.
   2021
/  

( -II)
: 3     :75
:    -    ,        
             
1.        AL  DL    - -
    
2. 
      AL  DL   ?
3.     :
(i) 
(ii) 
(iii)  
(iv)  
4.      ?        
5.               
  
2.
6.    
  ?      

7. -        - -   -
   
8.       - (r)       

 ?
   2021
/  

( -II)
: 3     :75
:    -    ,        
             
1.        AL  DL    - -
    
: :      
   
      ,       
               - 
    ,            
2.
 
          , "!      
"

 -    ?     "",  ""
  ,     "  "   ?
           
          (  , , ,
, )     ( 
    ,  , 
    )         ,   
       
            '   
 
           
    ,     , 
    
  
     

    '         :
1. 
      ?
2.            ?
3.            ?
     ,        
,   (JND)   -   
  (AL): -  
   
  ( AL  AT    )        
  
       
             
 :
          
  
       
  
         
       
   
  ',        :
2.
"   -   50%  '    "
50% 
? 
   
        
    
   
  , ,       
       50% '  
    
   48          (
 )
      -  
 3           
          -       
 
  (DL):      (JND)
   
     ,     :
          ?
     ,     (JND)    
  , DL  JND   :
"            "
   
 :
   1  ,   "      "   
    ?
     10 ' ,         
       - 11, 12,  15?
      2   ,        
  ?
 
       '  
    
   

  :   
2.
              
   
       
        '
 
,    '   
 :

  
; 
   
      
  ',   :
   (ΔI)     (I)    
  ',ΔI / I = KWhereΔI =      
   I
=   K =  (-   )
      
󷄧󷄫 
100     ,  5         
 
10     ,  5      
   
  500      
 ,    ,          
󷄧󷄬      
    
 ,    
        ,        

              
 ,    
  :    
  ,  ,         :
         
?      ,          -
   ,  -   
2.
 :
       
         

      
 :
           
          

              
  
  
        :

  

       ?

,       

    
  
     
  ,  
    :
󷄧󽇄    
    :
󷄧󽇄 
  
-   :
󷄧󽇄 ,         

              
   -   ,     
   ,  ,  -    
,
             
             ,

,  ,  ,       
       '   
2.
 , -    
         
 
   -          
2. 
      AL  DL   ?
:󷶪󷶫    AL  DL 
   
      ,        - 
    
  
    
 - 

    

, ",     "    
 (AL) 
  -    -   
  
       
        
 
    , "     
 ?"  ,  
      , 
 , ",      
 " 
    (DL) 
  -        

  
AL  DL  -     ,     
               
            
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸    ?
        -  ,   -
              
  -             

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :             
    '     
       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      (AL)   
  (AL)            - 50%
 '                 
1.  
              
  
 
2.
 - --   
 ""          
 󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
  0               
15  ' 

2.  
             
 - -   
 "
"        
 󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 
                
     
 
3.   
           
    ("" )  -  ("
" )   

4. AL   
     (   )     
    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : AL    ,    ,      

      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      (DL)   
  (DL),     (JND)    ,   
           
1.  
       ( , 50  '  )
2.  
 -       
 
 ""       󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: -- 
      
, "     "
3.  
 -     
 
2.
 ""       󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
   
, "    "
4.   
       
   '    ,    
5. DL   
      
    (DL) 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : DL , ,          
 

󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
             
  -    
,     
     
  -
        
, ",     "  
    (AL) 
,  50  '    
     

   ,   

    55   
,    , ",    "     (DL) 
   
,            
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
    
:      
:-  (, , , ) '     
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃    
 :       ""  "
"  
:-        
  : ""  "
"        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   ,       
  
 
2.
󷇮󷇭 
               
    :
  (AL):   -      

  (DL):           

       ,   ,  
   ,            
    
3.     :
(i) 
(ii) 
(iii)  
(iv)  
:󼩏󼩐󼩑:       
   
      
    ,  
      
     ,    
         
   
    ,
                 
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸  ?
 ,              
              
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :              ,
     
    
             
  
    , 
        
    '    
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
:    ;         
-  :      -  ,    
  :
       ,     
  :  ,     (     )
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
         
  '       
󼩺󼩻    
      

  ,       
   -   ,    
1.  (  )
            
       ,         '
   
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 
          
 
   
 
2. 
        
 :     󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:

             
 :     󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 
   , 
   
         
3.   
 
   
,     󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
    
 ,  
     
4.  ( )
2.
  
  '        
     
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           
   
   
5.   
           
  
         '    
  (  
)       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
              
     
6.  
         
  ,    
  󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
 -    ,  

   
7.  
      
, ,      
     ,     
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           
  

8.    
      
 , ,        

 ,  ,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
9.   
2.
   
      
 ,   
 󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
     
,  
  
   
10.    
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:             
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
             
       
   ,          
  ,         
 
  ,        -    
   

 ,     ,         
   
             
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
     :
     
         
      
         
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
 -   
        
   
󷇮󷇭 
           , , ,
,  ,  , , ,      

     ,           
  '            , 
        -    , 
    
2.
4.      ?        
:   : , ,  , 
  
 
   
      ,     , 
         ?        
               
  
-        ,       
       ,      :
, , ,          
   
(i)  -    
   
    ,     ,    
          ?     
 
              
       
               ,
             ,   

  
  
      -     :
󷄧󷄫  -  
      
 ,  , 
  ,    ,         
󷄧󷄬  -  
       ,  , 
  ,       
󷄧󷄭  -  
            
   ,     "        
" 
 
   ,    
 
 
2.
   ,        
     
   ?     
         
   ,  
   ,    
   
  
   ,      ,      

(ii)  -   
         ,    '    
       
       ,        
 
    
             
       ,  
         

         
  
    '   :
󷄧󷄫      
        , 
   ,    ,      
󷄧󷄬     
        
,       -     
    
 
 
   , "   ...      ' !"     

?           ,   ,   ,
      
    ,           
   
(iii)   -      
               
            
 
2.
           ,
  -            
 
       
    
       ,      

   
󷄧󷄫   
          
  :
 
     - VIBGYOR (, , , , , ,
)
󷄧󷄬 
  
     
     
:    :
  -     
, , , , , , , 
󷄧󷄭          
    
   :  ABC        
󷄧󷄮           
", , "    ,          '    
-   !
󷄰󷄯          : 987654321
    
 987-654-321
 
  
   ,    
    
 
      
 
(iv)   -    
       
       ,
         
              
    

    "" 
           
    
      
2.
   
 
     
  
 
  
 -    

    ,        
     
    ,       
   
               
             ,
     

          ,       
         ,    ' 
     ,       

 ,             
    
              
     
   
   ,    ,
    ,        ,     
      !
5.               
  
:              
  
             ,    
   
               
2.
,         ,        , 
             -    
        ,     

   

     ,   ,   
 ,     ,            
 
,  ,  ,         
    
1. - 
       
    
      
         ,     
       
,  ""      
         
2.     
    -      ,  
 ,    ,    ,       
  
;        
3.     
    
    '        :
1.    
2.    
3.     
4.  
5.           
            
4.    
,   
2.
      
   ,    
       ,       
        , ,     
 
5.     
           ,    ' 
       ,        
,     ,           ,
            
6.        
  
-  
       
  
     ,       
    
,            
 
      ""   
 ,      
         "!"    
     ,    
7.       
 ,            
  ,   , ,         
  , ,      
 
8.    
          '    
    -       ,  
   ,          

2.
    ""  
       —""        
  ?
 , ""     , , ,     
      
        - 

  ""        
      
     
 , ,    
        , 
              :
1.        
(i)    
 
 
-      ,      
              
   ,         
             
(ii)    
 
       ,  
   
 -             
         
(iii)         
       , , , ,  - 
     
       -  
 
2.         ( )
2.
            
   
   ,  
         
     
(i)    
 
       ,  
     
 ,            
  ,              
(ii)      
  
            
 
                

(iii) 
 
                  
  
     
               
        
        
        ""     , 
        ,       
      
        ,    
            
       ?
      ,      :
   
2.
   
     
       
       
    

              , 
 ,              ,
, ,       
          
   
    ,           
,               
   ,         :    '
               
6.    
  ?      

:󼩏󼩐󼩑 :   
       -         , 
     ,      -,     
""  ""            
          
             
     ,       
   ,         
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸   ?
 ,     
    
,
,             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :      
     
   
2.
 :
""      ,   ,  
,         - 
       
 
""     ,       
         ,      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  
 :      , 
 
   
    :         

 :        
    
  
:      '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   , , ,      
󼩺󼩻   
         ,      
    --  ,    
1.   
       -       


      
     ,    
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:               ,   
    
     '       
2. 
      -    
2.

          ' 
  
  -       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: ""   
 , 
, ,    
     '         
3. 
          
   
    ,  
   
 
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:        ,       
  
  -          

4. 
        
       
   , 
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ""  ""         
   
5.    
        

     ,   ,     
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      ""   ,    ,   

6. 
      
 
       
      ,        

2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: ""   ,          ,  
   
7.   
     
  (, , )   
 
  (, )   
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ""       ,   , 
    
8.   

           '    
            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 
      ' , ,   
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
           
,  -    - , , 
         
 
,            
      
 ,      
        
   ,          
   
   ,  ""     
          
 ,            
   
       --    
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
  :   
 ;    
 
:           
:       
2.
:         
:    
 
󷇮󷇭 
            
 , , , , ,   ,   
 
 ,     
    , 
 
  
    
 
7. -        - -   -
   
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-  ?
-                 
        , -   :
     
      
     - 
 :
   ,          
      ,      '     
   
        
 
     

 , -     
        
    
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜- 
 ?
-   , ,  ,     
 '         :
 
2.
 
 
 
 ,           
             
         
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸-  
-            - 
     
󷄧󷄫 -
 -               , 
       ,     
󽆤:
  
 ,      
     
       
󽇐 -  :
      
       
-  0    (0  +1  )
 -  ,   +1      ,   0   
󷄧󷄬 -
 -              , 
  
󽆤:
2.
     
         
        
󽇐 -  :
     
       
-  0 1    
   1     0  
󷄧󷄭 (
) -
 ,      
       

󽆤:
    
      
     
󽇐 -  :
     

     
-  0 
       
󼪍󼪎󼪏󼪐󼪑󼪒󼪓-     ' 
-   
   , 
    '   

󷄧󷄮 -
          ,  -   
2.
󽆤:
  - (+1)
:             
  - (–1)
:             

󽇐:
    '  
 100%  
   
󷄰󷄯   -
 ,       
󽆤 -
   '      
:
  
     (  )
󽆤 -
      :
    
  
󹵱󹵲󹵵󹵶󹵷󹵳󹵴󹵸󹵹󹵺     ' 
󷄧󷄱 -
             
 , 
-   
2.
󽆤:
         
󽇐:
   
 
 
    '   
󷄧󷄲- () -
       ' 
,   -  
󽆤:
 ,     
 
   ,             
    
󽇐:
 
  
 
       
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐
-   ?
     '      ,    
 :
   - ( -  )
   (     )
 ( )
           
󼩏󼩐󼩑    
2.
1. -  
 ,    
:   
          -       
   

2. - -1  +1    
3.      
4.      
5.       
󷄧󼿒
-                
        ,   ,    
, -
     ' 
    , , , ,
       '   
, , , , , , ,  - - 
  ,  -        
        
8.       - (r)       

 ?
:󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐- (r)      
   
               
       
   :     
    ,
          
  ?      - (r)   
 
-              
     ,           
    
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸-    ?
-   (r   )      
 :
2.
  : (   )   (    
  )
  :-1  +1   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
 r = +0.9,          '  
 r = -0.8,             
 r = 0 ,    

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
     -       -  
    (  X  Y)       
  :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
:
   
    
      
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : r = (X  Y  -) ÷ (     )
󼩺󼩻      r     
       -- 
 1:   
       󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: 5      (X) 
   (Y)

   (X)
 (Y)
2
40

4
50

6
60

8
70
10
80
2.
 2:    
X  Y    


  :
󰇛 󰇜 
󰇛    󰇜 
 3:  
        



2
40
-4
-20

4
50
-2
-10

6
60
0
0

8
70
+2
+10
10
80
+4
+20
 4:   
     


-20
80

-10
20

0
0

+10
20
+20
80
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜 
 5:  
     

󰇛

󰇜
󰇛

󰇜
16
400

4
100

0
0

4
100
16
400
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜

2.
 6:   
    :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜

 




 7:    
, r = 1,              
 -     ,    '  
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
 ,             ,   
  '             
    r      r = 0.85        
  :       '     ,   

        :    
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
    '   
     ,   
       
   :, ,  ,  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃
  ()  
    
, - -  
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:          (  
 
 ,    
 ),     
 

󷇮󷇭 
2.
- (r)            
     , 
:
1.   
2.    
3.  
4.   
5.  
6.   
7.    
 --        ,    
   
"              
 
       ,       
 "